NGHIÊN CỨU THÀNH PHẦN LOÀI VÀ ĐÁNH GIÁ  MỨC ĐỘ NGUY HẠI CỦA NẤM TRÊN MỘC BẢN TRIỀU NGUYỄN

Hoang Trung Hieu; Bui Thi Thuy; Bui Duy Ngoc; Nguyen Duc Thanh

doi:10.70169/VJFS.1213

Authors

Hoang Trung Hieu Viện Nghiên cứu Công nghiệp rừng
Bui Thi Thuy Viện Nghiên cứu Công nghiệp rừng
Bui Duy Ngoc Viện Nghiên cứu Công nghiệp rừng
Nguyen Duc Thanh Viện Nghiên cứu Công nghiệp rừng

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70169/VJFS.1213

Keywords:

Biodeterioration, fungal diversity, Nguyen Dynasty woodblocks, soft rot, wood - decay fungi

Abstract

This study was conducted to identify the species composition and assess the potential risk of fungal infestation on the Nguyen Dynasty Woodblocks, a UNESCO Memory of the World heritage stored in Da Lat, Lam Dong. Using isolation techniques and ITS rDNA sequencing, 22 fungal taxa belonging to three phyla were identified, with the Ascomycota being the predominant phylum (72.73%). Based on their biological characteristics, the identified fungi were categorized into three risk groups. Significantly, the study detected high-risk species causing structural degradation, including white - rot fungi (Flavodon flavus, Phanerochaete sp.) and soft - rot fungi (Chaetomium globosum). Notably, the absence of brown - rot fungi aligns with the hardwood substrate of the woodblocks; instead, "pseudo - cubical rot" symptoms caused by Chaetomium sp. were observed. Furthermore, surface molds (Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp.) and staining fungi (Cladosporium sp.) were prevalent, primarily causing aesthetic damage. These findings provide a crucial scientific basis for establishing microclimatic controls and targeted antifungal treatments to ensure the sustainable preservation of this valuable woodblock heritage.

References

1. Altschul, S.F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E.W. and Lipman, D.J., 1990. Basic local alignment search tool. J. Mol. Biol., Vol.215, pp 403–410. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2.

2. Bộ Nội Vụ, 2016. Đề án bảo quản và phát huy giá trị tài liệu mộc bản triều Nguyễn - Di sản tư liệu thế giới.

3. Cameselle, C., Ricart, M.., Núñez, M.. and Lema, J.., 2003. Iron removal from kaolin. Comparison between “in situ” and “two-stage” bioleaching processes. Hydrometallurgy, Vol.68, pp 97–105. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-386X(02)00196-2.

4. Domsch, K.H., Gams, W. and Anderson, T.-H., 2007. Compendium of Soil Fungi, 2nd ed. IHW-Verlag, Eching.

5. Florian, M.-L.E., 2002. Fungal Facts: Solving Fungal Problems in Heritage Collections, 1st ed. Archetype Publications, London.

6. Gardes, M. and Bruns, T.D., 1993. ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes ‐ application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Mol. Ecol., Vol.2, pp 113 - 118. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.1993.tb00005.x.

7. Gilbertson, R.L., 1980. Wood-Rotting Fungi of North America. Mycologia, Vol.72, pp 1. DOI: 10.2307/3759417.

8. Guglielminetti, M., De Giuli Morghen, C., Radaelli, A., Bistoni, F., Carruba, G., Spera, G. and Caretta, G., 1994. Mycological and ultrastructural studies to evaluate biodeterioration of mural paintings. Detection of fungi and mites in Frescos of the monastery of St Damian in Assisi. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegradation, Vol.33, pp 269 - 283. DOI: 10.1016/0964-8305(94)90066-3.

9. Hong, J.-Y., Kim, Y.-H., Jung, M.-H., Jo, C.-W. and Choi, J.-E., 2011. Characterization of Xylanase of Fungi Isolated from Janggyeong Panjeon in Haeinsa Temple. Korean J. Mycol., Vol.39, pp 198–204. DOI: 10.4489/KJM.2010.39.3.198.

10. Inoue, H., Decker, S.R., Taylor, L.E., Yano, S. and Sawayama, S., 2014. Identification and characterization of core cellulolytic enzymes from Talaromyces cellulolyticus (formerly Acremonium cellulolyticus) critical for hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Biotechnol. Biofuels, Vol.7, pp 151. DOI: 10.1186/s13068-014-0151-5.

11. Krah, F.-S., Bässler, C., Heibl, C., Soghigian, J., Schaefer, H. and Hibbett, D.S., 2018. Evolutionary dynamics of host specialization in wood - decay fungi. BMC Evol. Biol., Vol.18, pp 119. DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1229-7.

12. Kubicek, C.P., 2012. Fungi and Lignocellulosic Biomass. Wiley-Blackwell.

13. Lee, H.J., Jeong, S. hye and Chung, Y. jae, 2018. Wood injury characteristics of fungi isolated from printing woodblocks of the Tripitaka Koreana in the Haeinsa Temple at Hapcheon, Republic of Korea. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegradation, Vol.131, pp 29 - 39. DOI: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2017.03.019.

14. Morrell, R.A.Z.J.J., 2020. Wood Microbiology, 2nd ed. Elsevier. DOI: 10.1016/C2018-0-05117-8.

15. Nguyễn Thị Bích Ngọc, Phạm Thị Thanh Miền, Hàn Tất Ngạn, Đỗ Văn Bản, Bùi Văn Ái, Nguyễn Tử Kim, Hoàng Trung Hiếu, Nguyễn Văn Đức, Bùi Thị Thủy và Nguyễn Thị Hằng, 2017. Ứng dụng tiến bộ khoa học và công nghệ để bảo quản di sản mộc bản chùa Vĩnh Nghiêm và chùa Bổ Đà tỉnh Bắc Giang. Báo cáo tổng kết đề tài - Bộ Khoa học và công nghệ, pp 164.

16. Nguyễn Thị Hà, 2009. Nghiên cứu cơ sở khoa học để bảo quản tài liệu mộc bản. Báo cáo tổng kết đề tài - Cục văn thư lưu trữ Nhà nước, pp 87.

17. Nilsson, T., 1973. Studies on wood degradation and cellulolytic activity of microfungi.

18. Pinheiro, A.C., Sequeira, S.O. and Macedo, M.F., 2019. Fungi in archives, libraries, and museums: a review on paper conservation and human health. Crit. Rev. Microbiol., Vol.45, pp 686–700. DOI: 10.1080/1040841X.2019.1690420.

19. Pitt, J.I. and Hocking, A.D., 2009. Fungi and Food Spoilage. Springer US, Boston, MA. DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-92207-2.

20. Raeder, U. and Broda, P., 1985. Rapid preparation of DNA from filamentous fungi. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., Vol.1, pp 17 - 20. DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765X.1985.tb01479.x.

21. Savory, J.G., 1954. Breakdown of timber by Ascomycetes and fungi imperfecti. Ann. Appl. Biol., Vol.41, pp 336 - 347. DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7348.1954.tb01126.x.

22. Schmidt, O., 2006. Wood and Tree Fungi. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. DOI: 10.1007/3-540-32139-X.

23. Seifert and Keith A., 1993. Sapstain of commercial lumber by species of Ophiostoma and Ceratocystis, in: Wingfield, M.J., Seifert, K.A., Webber, J.F. (Eds.), Ceratocystis and Ophiostoma: Taxonomy, Ecology, and Pathogenicitychap. American Phytopathological Society (APS Press), St. Paul, MN, pp. 141 - 151.

24. Sequeira, S., Pasnak, E., Viegas, C., Gomes, B., Dias, M., Cervantes, R., Pena, P., Twarużek, M., Kosicki, R., Viegas, S., Caetano, L., Penetra, M., Silva, I., Caldeira, A. and Pinheiro, C., 2024. Microbial Assessment in A Rare Norwegian Book Collection: A One Health Approach to Cultural Heritage. Microorganisms, Vol.12, pp 1215. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061215.

25. Sở KH&CN Lâm Đồng, 2008. Địa chí Đà Lạt. URL https://lamdong.gov.vn/sites/book/diachidalat/Phan2/C1-6.htm.

26. Sterflinger, K., 2010. Fungi: Their role in deterioration of cultural heritage. Fungal Biol. Rev., Vol.24, pp 47 - 55. DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2010.03.003.

27. Trung tâm Lưu trữ Quốc gia IV, 2020. Mộc bản Triều Nguyễn - Di sản Tư liệu thế giới. URL https://mocban.vn/.

28. Unesco - Memory of the World, 2009. Woodblocks of Nguyen Dynasty. URL https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/woodblocks-nguyen-dynasty.

29. United States government, n.d. GenBank. Natl. Libr. Med.,. URL https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/.

30. White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. and Taylor, J., 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics, in: PCR Protocolschap. Elsevier, pp. 315 - 322. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1.