EFFECT OF RAW MATERIAL RATIO AND REACTION TIME ON THE PROPERTIES OF LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT PHENOL UREA FORMALDEHYDE (PUF) RESIN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70169/VJFS.1347Keywords:
Low molecular weight PUF resin, FTIR spectra, polycondensation time, U/P molar ratio, viscosityAbstract
This study involved the synthesis and characterization of the low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin modified with urea for application in wood impregnation modification technology. The effects of two key processing parameters, the U/P molar ratio and the polycondensation reaction time, were investigated based on the physicochemical properties of the resin. The results indicated that a U/P molar ratio of 0.3 and a polycondensation time of 90 min ensured that the phenol urea formaldehyde (PUF) resin achieved a stable balance regarding solid content, gel time, and viscosity. Furthermore, FTIR analysis confirmed that the cocondensation reaction proceeded while preserving the phenolic backbone. These findings indicate that the synthesized PUF resin is a potential alternative to PF resin for wood modification. The use of this resin system can contribute to reducing raw material costs and formaldehyde emissions, while opening up possibilities for developing high-quality modified wood materials.
References
Adawiah, M. R. a., Zaidon, A., Izreen, F. N., Bakar, E., Hamami, S. M., Paridah, M. 2012. Addition of urea as formaldehyde scavenger for low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde-treated compreg wood. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 348-357.
2. Christjanson, P., Pehk, T., Paju, J., 2010. Structure and curing mechanism of resol phenol-formaldehyde prepolymer resins. Proceedings of the Est,onian Academy of Sciences, 59(3), 225.
3. Erzen, B., Karataş, M., Deniz, Ş., Aydoğmuş, E., 2024. Advances in synthesis, characterization, and industrial applications of phenol formaldehyde resins. International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches, 8(4), 26-34.
4. Fan, D., Chu, F., Qin, T., Li, J., 2011. Effect of synthesis conditions on the structure and curing characteristics of high-urea content PUF resin. The Journal of Adhesion, 87(12), 1191-1203. DOI: 10.1080/00218464.2011.628871
5. Fan, D., Li, J., Chang, J., Gou, J., Jiang, J., 2009. Chemical structure and curing behavior of phenol–urea–formaldehyde cocondensed resins of high urea content. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 23(13-14), 1787–1797. DOI: 10.1163/016942409X12489445844516
6. Grinins, J., Biziks, V., Rizikovs, J., Irbe, I., Militz, H., 2021. Evaluation of water related properties of birch wood products modified with different molecular weight phenol-formaldehyde oligomers. Holzforschung, 75(10), 908–916.
7. Hu, X., Zhao, Y., Cheng, W., Wang, D., Nie, W. 2014. Synthesis and characterization of phenol‐urea‐formaldehyde foaming resin used to block air leakage in mining. Polymer Composites, 35(10), 2056–2066. DOI: 10.1002/pc.22867
8. Huang, Y., Fei, B., Zhao, R. 2014. Investigation of low-molecular weight phenol formaldehyde distribution in tracheid cell walls of Chinese fir wood. BioResources, 9(3), 4150–4158.
9. Kim, M. G., Watt, C., Davis, C. R. 1996. Effects of urea addition to phenol-formaldehyde resin binders for oriented strandboard. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, 16(1), 21–34. DOI: 10.1080/02773819608545780
10. Kupfernagel, C., Rahman, M., Cresswell, R., Spear, M. J., Pitman, A., Brown, S. P., Ormondroyd, G. A. 2025. Investigating cell wall diffusion in wood modified with Phenol Urea Formaldehyde Resin in different length scales. Biomacromolecules, 26(2), 900–913. DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01168
11. Li, C., Zhang, J., Yi, Z., Yang, H., Zhao, B., Zhang, W., Li, J. 2016. Preparation and characterization of a novel environmentally friendly phenol–formaldehyde adhesive modified with tannin and urea. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 66, 26–32. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2015.12.004
12. Schmidt, K., Grunwald, D., Pasch, H. 2006. Preparation of phenol–urea–formaldehyde copolymer adhesives under heterogeneous catalysis. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 102(3), 2946–2952. DOI: DOI: 10.1002/app.24441
13. Stefanowski, B., Spear, M., Pitman, A. 2018. Review of the use of PF and related resins for modification of solid wood. In Timber, 165–179.
14. Xiong, G., Hong, L., Ju, Z., Lu, X., Jin, J., 2023. Curing process of phenol formaldehyde resin for plywood under vacuum conditions. Journal of Renewable Materials, 11(9), 3447–3461. DOI: 10.32604/jrm.2023.027430
15. Xu, X., 2020. Wood modification with resin impregnation technology for value-added services. SVOA Mater. Sci. Technol, 2, 9–21.
16. Yelle, D. J., Ralph, J., 2016. Characterizing phenol–formaldehyde adhesive cure chemistry within the wood cell wall. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 70, 26–36. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2016.05.002
